Term Victorian - English Literature Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5826 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The era of Queen Victorias reign witnessed the passing of milestones in social, economic, and personal progress. It was the age of industrialisation, a time of travel, a battleground for the conflict between science and religion. Yet further to these great markers by which many of us recognise the nineteenth century, and indeed because of them, Victorias reign inspired change within the individual; a revaluation of what it meant to be a human being. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Term Victorian English Literature Dissertations" essay for you Create order The literary artists gave new form to the questions on the lips of the society around them: questions that were no longer so easily answered by Christianity. This dissertation will explore how the term Victorian does or doesnt fit into the context from which it supposedly arises. I will look at trends such as the development of literary criticism, pioneering scientific discoveries, the exploration into psychic phenomenon, the increasing independence of women, the mapping of the world, all of which contribute to what we know and understand as Victorian, and have in some way shaped the work of authors such as Eliot, Conan Doyle, and H.G Wells. Using some close textual analysis I hope to identify the nature of the inspiration behind the literature of the time and whether or not such work transcends the limits of the term Victorian. Many great literary minds of the time such as Arnold, Dickens, and Ruskin helped define the era in their critical attitudes towards it. (Davis 2002, p.10). Criticism appears to have become a form of exploration in an attempt to turn what concerned and worried the artist into something that questioned and reassured. Arnold, in his dissertations in Criticism (Arnold 1865, p.V) explains how he perceives the difference between logical and artistic thought The truth is I have never been able to ht it off happily with the logicians, and it would be mere affectation in me to give myself the airs of doing so. They imagine truth something to be proved, I something to be seen; they something to be manufactured, I as something to be found. It is this growing awareness of difference that was to become a defining feature of Victorian literature. Differences appeared in the very perception of things, which led to feelings of isolation, despair, alienation all prominent themes in nineteenth century work. In Arnolds A Summer Night (https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html) we see the poetic mind struggling to find meaning on a moonlit street where the windows, like hostile faces, are silent and white, unopening down: And the calm moonlight seems to say Hast thou then still the old unquiet breast That neither deadens into rest Nor ever feels the fiery glow That whirls the spirit front itself away, 30 But fluctuates to and fro Never by passion quite possessd And never quite benumbd by the worlds sway? And I, I know not if to pray Still to be what I am, or yield, and be Like all the other men I see. Arnold recognises that the society around him is unfulfilled, that men are giving their lives to some unmeaning taskwork and he questions whether he should be questioning at all. He is aware of a gap between the reality of working life and life outside of work; a difference that he strives to find explanation for. Arnold appears to be lost amidst the streets of his own mind afraid of not being able to define who he is, what he is. These feelings in part express what it meant to be a Victorian struggling to place thoughts and feelings which appear to no longer fit into society. The Victorian era contained much of what had past and much of what was still to come it cannot be seen as an isolated time, nor as an isolated term. It contained aspects of the Romantic period for instance in Arnolds poem, The Buried Life, we see vestiges of Wordsworths legacy of Ode to Immortality. In both poems there is a sense of something lost an old passion or instinct that has gone with the passing of time yet Arnold, unlike Wordsworth, finds it more difficult to come to terms with this: A longing to inquire / Into the mystery of this heart that beats / So wild, so deep in us, to know / Whence our thoughts come and where they go. (https://www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Buried.htm). The language is more passionately discontent than the resolute tone of Wordsworths visionary acceptance: We will grieve not, rather find/Strength in what remains behind. (Wordsworth 1928, p.136). The styles are obviously connected, but the trouble with defining the era usin g literary terminology is that it is clearly neither a quirky extension of the Romantics vision, nor is it a straightforward path to the modernists. The 1870s saw the maturation of authors such as Anthony Trollope who brought out his later novels, yet only twenty years later in 1896 these publications are sitting beside the considerably different form and subject matter of work such as H.G. Wellls The Time Machine and The Island of Dr. Moreau, with literary experiments with the modern such as Richard Jefferies The Story of My Heart (a spiritual autobiography) -occurring between in 1883. A growing concern in nineteenth century life was the potential loss of the Romantic link between human nature and the natural world, and the gap which sudden industrial progress highlighted between nature and mechanisation. As technology developed so did the notion of artificiality. It is worth noting J.S.Mills dissertation on Nature (Mill 1874, p.65) where he says that it is mans nature to be artificial, to remedy nature by artificial pruning and intervention. Further to this, a contemporary of Mills Richard Jennings also drew a line between the province of human nature and the external world. (Lightman 1997, p.80). In the countryside more efficient methods of farming were employed (see the contrast between Henchards methods and Farfraes ciphering and mensuration in Hardys Mayor of Casterbridge, (Hardy 1886, p.122)), and new machines introduced which no longer required the labour force to run them, encouraging people to migrate to towns and cities. The urban reality was harsh in 1851 roughly four million people were employed in trade and manufacture and mining, leaving only one and a half million in agriculture. (Davis 2002, p.13). City life, as portrayed by Dickens, was a cruel, unhealthy and unwholesome existence for many. Working conditions in cities were often cramped, unhygienic and poorly ventilated, and living conditions could be even worse. Mrs. Gaskell, living in Manchester, witnessed the appalling pressures that these conditions forced upon family life, and in North and South depicts the difficulties of urban living, offering that salvation for the working classes lay with themselves and their employers, working together. However, city life was not all desolate based in cities, the development of the detective novel brought the city back to human scale (Lehan, p.84). Detectives pieced together and reconstructed past events through clues for example, the murder of Bartholomew Sholto in The Sign of Four by Conan Doyl e: As far as we can learn, no actual traces of violence were found upon Mr Sholtos person, but a valuable collection of Indian gems which the deceased gentleman had inherited from his father had been carried off. The discovery was first made by Mr Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson () Mr. Athelney Jones, the well-known member of the detective police force, happened to be at the Norwood police station () Mr Jones well-known technical knowledge and his powers of minute observation have enabled him to prove conclusively that the miscreants could not have entered by the door or by the window but must have made their way across the roof of the building, and so through a trapdoor into a room which communicated with that in which the body was found. (p.66) The city provided an exciting backdrop to crime scenes its labyrinthine streets similar to the mapping of the pathways of the human mind so that the two became inextricably linked. As Joseph McLaughlin says in Writing the Urban Jungle, the urban jungle is a space that calls forth a pleasurable acquiescence to something greater, more powerful, and, indeed, sublime () also an imaginative domain that calls forth heroic action: exploring, conquering, enlightening, purifying, taming, besting. (McLaughlin 2000, p.3). Further to what McLaughlin suggests, the Victorians perception of time and space in the city and the countryside was changing radically from the medieval perceptions that still existed in the Romantic period. People saw the finished products in both manufacturing and farming no longer involving the long, drawn-out means to an end, instead the end result was being achieved faster and with more control. Here developed the root of modern industry which continues today in intensive farming and factory lines. Yet here too the beginnings of waste and excess. Richard Jefferies, a nineteenth century naturalist and mystic, known for his dissertations on nature, remarks on the abundance of food in the natural world in his dissertation Meadow Thoughts: The surface of the earth offers to us far more than we can consume the grains, the seeds, the fruits, the animals, the abounding products are beyond the power of all the human race to devour. They can, too, be multiplied a thousandfold. There is no natural lack. Whenever there is lack among us it is from artificial causes, which intelligence should remove. (Jefferies 1994, p.26). Unfortunately there was plenty for those who could afford it but not enough to spare for the poorer lower classes. (Ritvo 1997, p.194). Trends of over production and wastage which became a worry in Victorian times are reflected in the literary concerns of Jefferies childrens story, Bevis, where words, despite their abundance, are in danger of becoming an insufficient medium of expression and not filling the metaphysical space on the page. In describing a sunrise and the thoughts and feelings associated with watching it, Jefferies struggles to articulate the beauty before him: The sun had not yet stood out from the orient, but his precedent light shone through the translucent blue. Yet it was not blue, nor is there any word, nor is a word possible to convey the feeling. (Jefferies 1881, p.391) We see too in James Thomsons City of Dreadful Night (Thomson 1892, p.2) the desperateness of trying to articulate thoughts and feelings: Because a cold rage seizes one at whiles To show the bitter old and wrinkled truth Stripped naked of all vesture that beguiles, False dreams, false hopes, false masks and modes of youth; Because it gives some sense of power and passion In helpless impotence to try to fashion Our woe in living words howeer uncouth. In both passages there is a sense of trying to convey so much more than the words will allow. And that is the essence of the problem of defining the era with a word which the era itself selected Victorian like the authors of its time struggles to convey the enormity and the condensed nature of its changing environment. Victorian literature is thus perhaps best studied between the lines of its texts rather than for what it offers at face value. Thomsons words to try to fashion our woe in living words although appearing dismal could actually withhold a more positive message: it deals with the notion of perseverance that by creating words, however difficult, the author is refusing to give in to despair by trying to transform it into creative energy. There is a sense of crisis in the work of Thomson, just as there is to be found in Jefferies futuristic After London where the lone explorer Felix discovers the land after humanity has overreached itself to sociological disaster and has lost the harmonious relationship between mankind and nature. London becomes no more than a crystallised ruin in a ground oozing with poison unctuous and slimy, like a thick oil. (Jefferies 1885, p.205). Through work like this we see that Victorian was an era of possibility where visions of the future suddenly became tangible concerns and possible realities, and where contemporary conceptions of language and life might no longer hold up to the pressures of the time. In H.G. Wells the Time Machine, the time traveller discovers a land in the year 802,701: The air was free from gnats, the earth from weeds or fungi; everywhere were fruits and sweet and delightful flowers; brilliant butterflies flew hither and thither. The ideal of preventative medicine was attained. diseases had been stamped out. I saw no evidence of any contagious diseases during all my stay. And i shall have to tell you later that even the processes of putrefaction and decay had been profoundly affected by these changes. (Wells 1995, p.28) In this description of a futuristic age the Victorian imagination still retains the idea of a paradise a place full of butterflies and flowers. This Christian concept is a literary hangover from Miltons Paradise Lost, and remains an important theme for the moderns such as D.H. Lawrence. The Victorian age suffered from a dualistic split between a bright future on the one hand promised by leaps in technology, education and economical success and an increasingly alienated, confused society on the other. There were those writers like Huxley who believed that by human intervention within a political and economic framework humans could evolve out of their condition seeing no limit to the extent to which intelligence and will () may modify the conditions of existence (Huxley, 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes Lecture (https://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html), and there were those like Hardy whose characters were destined to fail because they were not emotionally fitted into the cosmos out of which they evolved . It was the nineteenth century spiritual crisis which precipitated the literary shift into the new genre of the realist novel. By the mid-nineteenth century, society had begun to grow away from the idea of atonement for sin within an omnipotent religion, where judgement would come solely in heaven, and towards the more humanistic idea of God as in-dwelling, so that salvation could be achieved on earth: We have now come to regard the world not as a machine, but as an organism, a system in which, while the parts contribute to the growth of the whole, the whole also reacts upon the development of the parts; and whose primary purpose is its own perfection, something that is contained within and not outside itself, an internal end: while in their turn the myriad parts of this universal organism are also lesser organisms, ends in and for themselves, pursuing each its lonely ideal of individual completeness. (Gore (ed) 1890, p.211) A spiritual lack created a need to define, order and categorise a world that suddenly appeared chaotic. When Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 he raised issues of public concern as to the truth of the bible and the essence of Christianity. However, its content and its methodology were seriously criticised (Appleman 2001, p.200). It was a difficult work to accept as it caused the public to rethink and redefine their history that they were a product of evolution and not a tailor made being came as a shock. The future of thought and literature was suddenly changed as people tried to sew together the threads of the past. Natural Science became a national obsession exotic flora and fauna from across the world were brought into London daily, to be displayed in the British Museum or Kew Gardens (Lightman, 1997 p.1). In literature, we see the author begin to play the part of evolutionist: Eliots Middlemarch although concerned with the evolving character of Dorothea Brooke follows the threads of sub-plots and the successes and failures of other characters which form a pattern of development. As Gillian Beer says: There is not one primitive tissue, just as there is not one key to all mythologies () emphasis upon plurality, rather than upon singleness, is crucial to the developing argument of Middlemarch. (Beer 2000, p.143). Gone is the tradition of the valiant hero or heroine singularly conquering their environment (a trend set by classics such as Homers The Odyssey (1967)) and in its place a landscape upon which the author grafts and nurtures developing shoots of life. It is this sort of growth that is in danger of remaining unseen to the contemporary historian or critic as it can become shrouded by generalising concepts which are so often prescribed to the term Victorian concepts such as repression, old-fashioned and prudish. (https://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html). These sort of terms restrict the individuals perception of the era when it was a time when growth was encouraged rather than restricted. Authors used the metaphor of pruning and nurturing plant life to symbolise the development of the self for example in North and South Gaskell discusses the problem of the working individual who struggles to reach his or her potential when the manufacturers are unsparingly cutting away all off-shoots in the direction of literature or high mental cultivation, in hopes of throwing the whole strength and vigour of the plant into commerce. (Gaskell 1865, p.69). For Gaskell, it is through the everyday interaction between people that such difficulties are given the chance to be overcome. And this was the essence of the realist novel set amidst a world which had witnessed such alteration to transform the lostness felt by society into a seeing of the smaller things in life which could withhold qualities of greater spiritual value. As Philip Davis says, the realist novel was the holding ground, the meeting point, for the overlapping of common life. (Davis 2002, p.144). And it was within this common life that a more calm acceptance of the new state could be achieved. Gillian Beer suggests that through her novels organisation Eliot creates order and understanding of the evolving process of novel-writing. In Middlemarch, the naming of Casaubons books Waiting for Death, Two Temptations, Three Love Problems draws attention to the books organisation by emphasising categorisation: But the process of reading leads into divergence and variability. Even while we are observing how closely human beings conform in the taxonomy of events we learn how differently they feel and think. For Dorothea and Casaubon waiting for death means something very different from what it means for Mary Garth and Featherstone. The relations are different. The distances between people are different. Lydgate, here at one with the project of the book, longed to demonstrate the more intimate relations of living structure (1:15:225). In this double emphasis on conformity and variability George Eliot intensifies older literary organisations by means of recent scientific theory. In Darwinian theory, variability is the creative principle, but the type makes it possible for us to track common ancestry and common kinship. (Beer 2000, pp.143-4) Writing itself was becoming an almost divine representation, an inner order of a chaotic external world. The idea that humans had evolved from primates meant that the boundaries between what was one thing and what was another were no longer so clearly defined. There developed a fear of the animate and a fear of the inanimate, and efforts were sought to understand them. As Harriet Ritvo says in The Platypus and the Mermaid: Depending on the beholder, an anomaly might be viewed as embodying a challenge to the established order, whether social, natural, or divine; the containment of that challenge; the incomprehensibility of the creation by human intelligence; or simply the endless and diverting variety of the world. And beholders who agreed on the content of the representation could still disagree strongly about its moral valence whether it was good or bad, entrancing or disgusting. (Ritvo 1997, p.148). In a world where categorisation was important but not so easily achievable, the novel too became neither one thing nor another; realism became a melting pot for ideas, a sort of hybrid of styles. In Eliots The Lifted Veil realism is used as a vehicle for the exploration of her ideas into psychology and psychic phenomena. Latimers clairvoyance forces him to endure a painful insight into the minds of the people around him: I began to be aware of a phase in my abnormal sensibility, to which, from the languid and slight nature of my intercourse with others since my illness, I had not been alive before. This was the obtrusion on my mind of the mental process going forward in first one person, and then another, with whom I happened to be in contact: the vagrant, frivolous ideas and emotions of some uninteresting acquaintanceMrs Filmore, for examplewould force themselves on my consciousness like an importunate, ill-played musical instrument, or the loud activity of an imprisoned insect. But this superadded consciousness, wearying and annoying enough when it urged on me the trivial experience of indifferent people, became an intense pain and grief when it seemed to be opening to me the souls of those who were in a close relation to me when the rational talk, the graceful attentions, the wittily-turned phrases, and the kindly deeds, which used to make the web of their characters, were seen as if thrust asunder by a microscopic vision, that showed all the intermediate frivolities, all the suppressed egoism, all the struggling chaos of puerilities, meanness, vague capricious memories, and indolent make-shift thoughts, from which human words and deeds emerge like leaflets covering a fermenting heap.(Eliot 1859, pp.13-14) Latimer is no longer caught up in the web of peoples characters. Eliot plays with the idea that his consciousness has the ability to transcend the mundane the rational talk, the kindly deeds in order to gain insight into an alternative and not so rosy vision of the mechanics of the human mind where thoughts are make-shift and chaotic. The nineteenth century saw the acceptance of the concept of otherworldly phenomena into the working classes. Robert Owen, a social reformer, who influenced the British Labor movement (Oppenheim 1985, p.40) encouraged many working class Owenites to follow him into the spiritualist fold, where they enthusiastically continued their ongoing search for the new moral world. Interests such as spiritualism and psychology which had previously been more underground pursuits, were brought out into the open. The concept of telepathy, a term coined by Frederic Myers in 1882 (Luckhurst 2002, p.1) even helped to theorize the uneasy cross-cultural encounters at the colonial frontier. (Luckhurst 2002, p.3) These developments suggest that the Victorians felt imbued with the power of their age they felt confident of their ability to communicate on different planes of consciousness. So it could be argued that Victorian was not simply a time devoted to the discovery of the self and the workings of the inner mind, but a time that also focused on the projection of ideas and thoughts outside of the self; ideas which themselves stand outside of the category Victorian. In 1869 the Spiritualist Newspaper began selling first as a fortnightly, then as a weekly publication. (Oppenheim 1985, p.45). This draws the discussion to the point of representation the social nature of Victorians seems to suggest that they enjoyed the focus being on themselves. Self-obsession is an aspect of the time which the term Victorian usefully represents: by specifically referring to the rule of the Queen the term draws attention to the importance of the individual. The era saw the development of many different styles of fashion and the use of photography. As part of the Freudian influence great importance was placed on childhood and it was during the nineteenth century that the first laws concerning child welfare were passed. (Mavor quoted from Brown (ed) 2001, p.i) The focus on the central, the ego, was paramount. As Mavor says, it was as if the camera had to be invented in order to document what would soon be lost, childhood itself; and childhood had to be invented in order for the camera to document childhood (a fantasy of innocence) as real. (Brown (ed) 2001, p.27). Perhaps because of societys awareness of change there seems to have been a necessity to record and keep track of the world around. Discovery took place on a much grander scale in the exploration of the world. The British Empire was global, yet as Patrick Brantlinger suggests in Rule of Darkness, (Brantlinger 1988, p.4) imperialism was not generally reflected in the literature of the time. What we do see evidence of however is the mapping of new worlds and territories (Richard Jefferies Bevis). The development of the adventure story suggests that Victorians desired to explore what lay outside of what they knew and in this respect the term Victorian which people can think of as representing a society closed within in itself is misleading. The rise of imperialism began to shape the ideological dimensions of subjects studied in school (Bristow 1991, p.20) and so through literature the Victorian child was offered an exciting world of sophisticated representation and ideas with the knowledge that the world was theirs to explore. Does the term then encourage us to think of the society as a class of people set apart from the rest of the world? In The Island of Dr. Moreau it is not just the future of science that is explored but the concept of a new territory and its effects on the mind. For example, when the protagonist first sees the beast-servant on board the ship he is immediately frightened: I did not know then that a reddish luminosity, at least, is not uncommon in human eyes. The figure, with its eyes of fire, struck down through all my adult thoughts and feelings, and for a moment the forgotten horrors of childhood came back to my mind. Then the effect passed as it had come. An uncouth black figure of a man, a figure of no particular import, hung over the taffrail, against the starlight. (Wells 1997, p.31). The circumstances of being at sea is disorientating and causes the imagination to play tricks so that the man is first one thing a figure with its eyes of fire and then suddenly becomes an uncouth black figure of a man. The effect is that the protagonist suddenly regresses to the forgotten horrors of childhood. This sudden fluctuation is important as it represents the fluidity of the era and how change and discovery on a global scale, although empowering, also caused instability within the individual. Therefore, when considering the age in the context of its name we can understand that the term was perhaps created out of both the desire to represent achievement but also out of a need to belong. This desire to belong which manifested itself during an age ruled by one woman placed great importance on the role of the female in society. It was a time when women began to travel and write without the necessity of using a pseudonym (see Cheryl McEwan on Kingsley in West Africa, (2000, p.73)). In books such as Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles the idea of the fallen woman is tested when Tesss crucial lack of belief in herself causes her never to discover the paradise with Clare that might have been. The nineteenth century began to be more explicit concerning issues of gender: for example, the relationship between Arthur Munby and Hannah Cullwick (see McClintock 1995, pp.132-138) where Cullwick is photographed cross-dressed as a farm worker. A Victorian man however appears to have had more stigma attached to him and in this context the term is commonly associated with heroism and English valour (Ridley/Dawson 1994, p.110). There is less flexibility surrounding the notion of Victorian men -as if the term somehow threatened their masculinity. However, this did not seem to affect the male authors of the time. Lewis Carroll captured the public imagination through Alices Adventures in Wonderland, which although following the story of a little girl, depicts many male characters. (see Carroll 2000). In conclusion, the term Victorian although useful to refer to a specific time period in history, does however encourage us to make sweeping generalisations without investigating how diverse the era was. In terms of the subject matter of Victorian Literature there is no clear cut distinction between early, middle and late Victorian for example, Bulwer-Lytton attempts at the beginning of the century what Richard Jefferies does at the end the difference is in style and form. Within that time frame there was condensed an incredible diversity of styles, tastes and attitudes, yet the term suffers from being associated with prejudices and assumptions about Victorians. However, it is worth bearing in mind that prejudices were indeed a part of Victorian society. When the Victorians explored the rest of the world they made generalisations and assumptions based on what they found (eg: The Island of Dr. Moreau) where experience and the nature of what is discovered defines behaviour. As a critic in 1858 wrote we are living in an age of transition (quoted from Houghton 1957, p.1); therefore when considering the Victorian age we should remember that values and trends were evolving it was not a static time governed by repression or old fashioned values. From the research carried out for this dissertation it appears that through the gaining of knowledge, Victorians also realised how little they knew and how much more there was to discover. As Arnold says in A Summer Night: How fair a lot to fill / Is left to each man still. (https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html). In this context the term Victorian can be dualistically representative: discoveries of the time, although revolutionary, were often rudimentary in nature, and it was humbling for the individual to consider how much further knowledge and discovery had yet to go. On the other hand, the term suffers too from being inadequate: a single word is too smaller term for the vast wealth and diversity of discovery, and it could be argued that the era is better realised if seen as a second revolution. Like the Victorian authors themselves we are left with no suitable words to convey the entirety of an era as John Lawton says in his introduction to The Time Machine (1995, p.xxvi) the term Victorian is used too loosely to encompass a sequence of eras, the diverse reign of a woman who lent her name to objects as diverse as a railway terminus and a plum. When studying Victorian Literature it is worth bearing in mind the fluidity of the time and the changeability which arose out of living on the cusp between the passing away of old values and the unknown territory of the new. Realism recognised the gaps which were forming in society such as the distancing of the self from religion and offered to paper the cracks through its vision of bringing people together on a mundane level. Its territory stretched to include the darkest recesses of the mind to the smallest of everyday events, celebrating the grey area between extremes as we now know as Victorian. Bibliography Arnold, M., Reprint of 1865 ed. dissertations in Criticism With the addition of Two dissertations not hitherto reprinted. London: Routledge. Appleman, P, 2001, Darwin. London: Norton Beer, G., 2000, Darwins Plots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Brantlinger, P, 1988, Rule of Darkness:British Literature and Imperialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Bristow, J., 1991, Empire Boys:Adventures in a Mans World. London: Harper Collins. Brown, M., 2001, (ed) Picturing Children. Aldershot: Ashgate Bulwer-Lytton, E., 1853, A Strange Story. London: Routledge Carroll. L., 2000, Alice in Wonderland. New York: Harper Festival. Conan Doyle, A., 2001, The Sign of Four. London: Penguin Davis, P, 2002, The Victorians. Oxford: Oxford University Press Dickens, C., 1994 (first published 1852-3), Bleak House. London: Penguin Eliot, G., 1999, The Lifted Veil: Brother Jacob. Helen Small (ed). New York: Oxford University Press Gaskell, E., 2003, (first published 1855), North and South. London: Penguin Gore, C., (ed), 1890, Lux Mundi: a Series of studies of the Religion of the Incarnation. London: John Murray Hardy, T., 1994, (first published 1886), The Mayor of Casterbridge. London: Penguin Houghton, W., 1957. The Victorian Frame of Mind, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Huxley, T., 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes Lecture (https://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html) Jefferies, R., 1989, (first published 1882), Bevis. Oxford: Oxford University Press Jefferies, R., 1980, (first published 1885), After London. (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Jefferies, R., 1938, (first published 1883), The Story of My Heart. (Middlesex: Penguin) Lehan, R., 1998, The City in Literature. Berkley; CA: UCLA Press Lightman, B., 1997, Victorian Science in Context. Chicago: Chicago University Press Luckhurst, R., 2002, The Invention of Telepathy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mack, M, (ed),1967, Alexander Pope: The Odyssey of Homer. London: Methuen McClintock, A., 1995, Imperial Leather: Race,Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. London: Routledge McEwan, C., 2000, Gender, Geography and the Empire. Aldershot: Ashgate McLaughlin, J., 2000, Writing the Urban Jungle. Virginia: University Press of Virginia Oppenheim, J., 1985, The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ridley, H., and Dawson, G., 1994, Soldier Heroes: British Empire and Images of Masculinity. London: Routledge Ritvo, H., 1997, The Platypus and the Mermaid. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press Thomson, J., 1892, The City of Dreadful Night. Portland: Thomas B. Mosher Wells, H.G., 1995 (first published 1895), The Time Machine. London: Dent Wells, H.G., 1997, (first published 1896) The Island of Dr. Moreau. Bath: Chivers Press Wordsworth, W., 1928, Poetry and the Drama: The Longer Poems of William Wordsworth. Everymans library edition, (Ernest Rhys(ed)). London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd. https://www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Buried.htm. https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html. https://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html. Further Reading Bergonzi, B., 1973, The Turn of the Century. London: Macmillan Bivona, D., 1990, Desire and Contradiction. Imperial visions and domestic debates in Victorian Literature. Manchester: Manchester University Press Buckley, J., 1975, The Worlds of Victorian Fiction. Boston: Harvard University Press Lawrence, D.H, 1995, (first published 1915), The Rainbow. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Hardy, T., 1974 (first published 1891) Tess of the DUrbervilles. London: Penguin. Hewitt, M, 2000, An Age of Equipoise:Re-assessing Mid-Victorian Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate Houghton, W., 1957, The Victorian Frame of Mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Nordeau, M., 1993, Degeneration. LincolnLondon: University of Nebraska Press Mitchell, R., 2000, Picturing the Past: English History in Text and Image. Oxford: Oxford University Press Phillips, R., 1997, Mapping Men and Empire. London: Routledge Pratt, M., L., 1992, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge Robson, C., 2001, Men in Wonderland: The Lost Girlhood of the Victorian Gentlemen. New Jersey: Princeton University Press Schad, J., 1999, Victorians in Theory: from Derrida to Browning. Manchester: Manchester University Press Thurschwell, P., 2001, Literature,Technology and Magical Thinking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Wheeler, M., 1994, Heaven, Hell and the Victorians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Winter, A., 1998, Mesmerised: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Wolfreys, J., 1999, Writing London. London: Palgrave

The Tragedy Of The Commons Essay - 1649 Words

The Tragedy of the Commons American Earth: Environmental Writing Since Thoreau is a diverse yet interconnected collection of essays by renowned environmentalist authors who have been influential in literature, religion, science, and politics. Each piece has a specific purpose and role that it plays in conveying ideas and themes. Many authors share their personal opinions on issues such as the world’s declining forests, the extinction of species, as well their intimate experiences with nature. However, the most influential essay in this book is â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons† by Garrett Hardin (438). A multitude of pieces in this book tie into the tragedy of the commons and support its ideas in one way or another. In his essay Hardin discusses how the rapid decline of the world’s common places, such as natural animal pastures, are the result of rapid, uncontrolled human population growth. Hardin suggests that environmental problems such as deforestation, crowding out of native species, loss of resources, pollution, poor job economy, etc., are the result of the loss of common spaces. He indicated that common spaces used to be plentiful enough for every person to have an abundant share, but that was when the human population was smaller than the current population of 7 billion people. Hardin’s powerful essay proposes many solutions and methods for solving the ever increasing tragedy of the commons. â€Å"Ruin is the destination towards which all men rush, each pursuing hisShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of The Commons1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tragedy of the Commons American Earth: Environmental Writing Since Thoreau is a diverse yet interconnected collection of essays by renowned environmentalist authors who have been influential in literature, religion, science, and politics. Each piece has a specific purpose and role that it plays in conveying ideas and themes. Many authors share their personal opinions on issues such as the world’s declining forests, the extinction of species, such as birds in Gene Stratton-Porter’s â€Å"The LastRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Commons2562 Words   |  11 Pagesthat are important to understanding human-environment relations, the most significant would have to be the tragedy of the commons. Before explaining why that may be, understanding what the tragedy of the commons is will help give a better understanding to its’ significance. In other words, the main reason for the tragedy of the commons is the fact that humans are selfish when it comes to common goods, which are places that are op en for everyone to use. People tend to act rationally in their own selfRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Commons1971 Words   |  8 PagesFew decades ago, clean water was â€Å"commons† (Hardin, 1968) to us. It was a natural resource shared by everyone and not owned by anyone. This â€Å"commons† was taken for granted to the extent that people exploit clean water without considering its finiteness. Resorts and factories dumped wastewater and ruined nearby rivers and oceans. People carelessly littered garbage and substituted the dirty water with diminishing clean water. They definitely benefited in terms of financial cost and comfort from theirRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Commons930 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the article â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons,† ecologist Garrett Hardin asserts that eventually all resources used in common will encounter overexploitation or degradation as these difficult to enclose systems incentivize individuals to pursue their own self-int erest while simultaneously behaving contrary to the common good of all users (Anukwonke, 2015, p. 3). Affirming that the absence of both state regulation as well as privatization inescapably encourages individuals to act selfishly so asRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Commons2099 Words   |  9 Pagesand the environment located in this area. Groundwater depletion in this region developed partly because of a problem represented by the idea of the tragedy of the commons, which is expounded upon by Thomas Dietz, Elinor Ostrom, and Paul Stern in â€Å"The Struggle to Govern the Commons† (Dietz, Ostrom, Stern, 2003). The concept of the tragedy of commons evolves from the belief that individuals will undoubtedly act in their own self-interest when a shared resource, such as water or air, is at stake asRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Commons1871 Words   |  8 PagesThe paper introduces the general idea of the Tragedy of the Commons. This idea is basically that there are many cooperative situations, including many that crucially involve social and political issues, in which some or all of those cooperating have an incentive to abuse the explicit or tacit agreement at the foundation of the cooperation. This idea has proven fruitful in understanding many sorts of problems, though its application to specific problems varies in terms of how literally or directlyRead MoreTphady Of The Commons : The Tragedy Of The Commons1043 Words   |  5 PagesIt is easy to imagine when Hardin (1968) wrote the Tragedy of the Commons; he anticipated things would get progressively worse over time, particularly if people did not respect the earth (Hardin, 1968). Although he did not mention any particular common, Hardin (1968) envisioned the world’s resources dwindling, as a result of peoples mishandling of them. Hardin (1968) explained that â€Å"tragedy† in â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons,† is the cruel way things work. It may have seemed as though things inRead MoreTragedy of the Commons Essays886 Words   |  4 PagesGarrett Hardin’s article â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons† illustrates the continuing problem of the commons. The article clearly illustrates the effects of the exponentially increasing population such as pollution and food. Possible solutions to the problems are stated in the article, but any and all solution will be difficult to accomplish and may not be effective because of man’s sense of freedom and selfishness. The commons is an area of land that belongs to the public as opposed to being owned byRead MoreTragedy Of The Commons Summary931 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Tragedy of the Commons† What is Garrett Hardin’s central idea in this article? The central idea of â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons† is that, to ensure an acceptable, general quality of life, the human race must limit its population growth, ultimately through means of coercion. To reach this conclusion, Hardin works through multiple assumptions and their various conclusions. First is that we live in a world of finite resources. No amount of technical, technological, or agricultural innovation willRead MoreTragedy and the Common Man1191 Words   |  5 PagesArticle â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† Miller mentions tragedy as man’s struggle to gain his â€Å"rightful† position in his society, and whoever that character may be—king or common man—that character is eventually brought down by his or her tragic flaws and that’s what makes that character a tragic hero. In the past, there have been many tragic heroes which can relate to Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† in

American Dream Essay Free Essays

Heather Kleypas American Dream According to Homeland Security, there were a total of 1,107,126 immigrants in just the year of 2008, which came to America and became local citizens. I would like to think these numbers are so high is because there are many opportunities and ways to achieve them. The most outstanding reason for these large numbers of immigrants though, is because of the infamous American Dream. We will write a custom essay sample on American Dream Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The American Dream in my opinion is the balance between what we need, how much we want, and what we are willing to do for it. All people strive for happiness and freedom, but their definition of the two is probably completely different to the person sitting next to them. Some people dream to have a bigger and better beach house, while others strive to just own a place to live and take care of their families. I truly believe that the American Dream is a myth. There are so many people in this country with so many different goals to achieve that there really cannot be just one big general American Dream. I think that it is an unachievable goal because once we get something we have been yearning for; we automatically find something else to obsess over. It truly is a never ending vicious cycle. The American Dream has changed drastically over time. The dream from just the 1950’s has changed completely from our dream today. An American family from the fifty’s simply wanted to own a television set because it was the newest technology. Now, families want a big plasma TV for every room in their household. From even further in time, Americans just wanted their own independence and freewill before the Declaration of Independence was signed. Some Americans ask, â€Å"Why do some people have their dreams wither and die while others see their dreams fulfilled? † I assume that citizens lose their dreams because of our recent economic crisis. My final reason for some people â€Å"achieving† while others do not, is because some individuals find nothing is never enough. All of these aspects will eventually lead our goals to being unreachable. How to cite American Dream Essay, Essays American Dream Essay Free Essays Everyone has a dream. The poor want to be wealthy and the wealthy want to be even wealthier. Success is want these people are striving for so their dreams can come true. We will write a custom essay sample on American Dream Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The American Dream is that one or many goals one sets for themselves. How do they make it come true? By believing in themselves and working harder than they have ever done before in their life. In order to get it you have to earn it; that is what the American Dream is all about. Throughout this essay I will discuss my American Dream and the American Dream of the motivated African American Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In my eyes the American Dream is something that someone works for to better their future. In order for me to make my future better I have to work on my education. My longtime dream since the start of high school was to get into Michigan State University. I had to do everything I could to get in. When I got my letter I was so happy to finally be able to go. Michigan State has a really good medical program, which goes with me getting into medical school. Hospitals need doctors and surgeons so patients can get the care they need. I am dedicated to my goal and I will do everything I can to get it. Obstacles may slow me down but in the end I will become a surgeon and do my job to help people in need. My opinion on the American Dream isn’t the only one. Many famous philosophers believe in the American Dream. One person that really believed in the people’s future was Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is an African American man who stood up for his community to be treated equally to the white community. Dr. King stated in his â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech†: â€Å"The substance of the Dream is expressed in some very familiar words found in the Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This is a dream† (The American Dream 1). During the 60’s, African Americans were free from slavery. They were no longer property to the white man, but their treatment never changed. Martin Luther King Jr. stood up for the black community. He believed that all people are created equally and that all people have the same rights. In Dr. King’s speech: â€Å"It does not say some men, it says all men. It does not say all white men, but it says all men which includes black men. It doesn’t say all Protestants, but it says all men which includes Catholics. It doesn’t say all Gentiles; it says all men which includes Jews† (The American Dream –Sweet Speeches). His American Dream is for him and his people to have the same rights and treatment as white people. Martin Luther King Jr. was a man believed in the Declaration of Independence which clearly states that all men are created equal. Race and color don’t matter everyone is equal. Throughout history racism has been a problem across the United States. People still do believe that black people shouldn’t have the same rights as white people. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s non-violence movements helped the black community fight back against segregation. Martin Luther King Jr. had an American Dream just like me. Mine and his dreams are very different, but each of us had to work hard to make them come true. His dream came true by protesting in the streets so he and his people could have the right to vote. My dream hasn’t come true yet, but I know it will with all the work I put into it. Our American Dreams are very different, but we both dreamed something big for our future. Works Cited Luther King Jr. : I Have A Dream. N. p. , delivered 28 August 1963. Web. 25 Sep 2012. Luther King Jr. , Reverend Dr. Martin. â€Å"The American Dream. † The American Dream- Drew University. Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, February 5, 1964. Luther King Jr. , Martin. â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. : The American Dream-Sweet Speeches. † The American Dream. N. P. , July 4, 1965. Web. 26 Sep 2012. How to cite American Dream Essay, Essay examples

The Contemporary Health Service Delivery In New Zealand

Question: Analysing the strengths and weaknesses of clinical governance in contemporary health service delivery in New Zealand. Answer: Introduction In contemporary situation, the agenda and meaning of Health care system is referred to be collaborative functionality of professionals, resources, institutions and medical systems to deliver quality healthcare services and products. This healthcare delivery is highly dependent on the quality of performance management because healthcare services are superlative deliveries in form of patient outcomes. Hence, quality improvement and maintenance has been major focus of health service delivery system since ancient times (Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2010). In 1990s, a new term named clinical governance emerged as a revolution to improve quality and performance management in health service delivery system. This clinical governance is now a very important part of contemporary healthcare system (McSherry Pearce, 2011). This study focuses on understanding the contemporary health service delivery system of New Zealand analysing the strengths and weaknesses of clinical governance in this contemporary system determining its power. The learner, working as healthcare practitioner in New Zealand reflect on the experiences gained as a professional in contemporary health service delivery system in New Zealand. Demonstrating Knowledge and Understanding of Contemporary Health Service Delivery in New Zealand New Zealand being an island country having population of 4,441,300, involves 68% immigrants from Europe, Asia and other regions of globe. With more than 85% of population living in urban regions the scope of development, urbanisation and advancement has always been high in New Zealand. This requirement of advancement is also developed in the health sector of the country where Ministry of Health (MoH) works to meet the challenges of contemporary healthcare system (Health Service Delivery profile: New Zealand, 2012, 2016). The public of New Zealand persist good health outcomes and increased life expectancy because patients are placed in the centre position of service delivery system in this country. Fineberg (2012) indicated that clinical integration being basic concept of functionality in New Zealand healthcare system. This clinical integration means that regular development and improvement in competencies are required to meet the complex needs of patients allowing good health. According to Best et al. (2012) the four basic objectives of health service delivery system described by MoH involves health workforce empowerment, getting health service delivered at home or closer to home, improving funding and improving old-age health. The provider network of New Zealand health system persist District health boards (DHBs) at the top most position. These DHBs work to plan, manage, provide and purchase healthcare services for their region population and service delivery for healthcare organisations working in their zone. Further, followed by DHBs there are various other public and private organizations like PHARMAC, PHOs, Health regulatory authorities, colleges and private organisations that work for health system in New Zealand (Health Service Delivery profile: New Zealand, 2012, 2016). Gauld (2013) studied the categories of health delivery system in New Zealand that involves primary care and community services (primary healthcare organisation and NGOs), secondary and tertiary services (public and private hospitals) and long-term care services (residential, home support and rehabilitation). Fineberg (2012) studied the Service delivery model of New Zealand healthcare functionality where a large, dynamic and complex number of organisations, networks and people work together to provide healthcare, currently involving 96% of the New Zealanders in care process. There are national, private, regional and local funding system that establishes effective health delivery system. There are both public and private involvement in New Zealand health care delivery model to provide maximum possible health services and care. Analysing the funding of New Zealand health delivery system, Griffiths et al. (2012) indicated that the total health expenditure in New Zealand is higher than other countries like Canada, United Kingdom, and European regions. The funding system is mixture of public and private funds where major option in compensated by public funding sources. In financial year 2010/2011 this funding involves 83.2% public funds (central and local government), 4.9% private funds (insurance companies) and 10.4% other payment sources. The MoH allows three quarter of funds to district board members, who use this fund for planning, managing and purchasing the healthcare services. Some of the healthcare services are even free-of-charge in New Zealand involving palliative care, public hospital care, some community care and health promotion services (Health Service Delivery profile: New Zealand, 2012, 2016). Further, Gauld (2013) studies the human resource competencies of New Zealand healthcare system, where 56% of medical professionals are specialist having highest possible qualifications. Further, 77% of medical registrations belong to international graduates providing highly skilled and versatile medical workforce in New Zealand. Ryan et al. (2010) opined that quality standards in health delivery system are under the control of National Health Quality and Safety Commission (HQSC) that works as per indicators and factors related to quality assurance in health service delivery system. In contrast, Entwistle et al. (2012) highlighted the contemporary issues in this health delivery system of New Zealand. The workforce shortage and limitation is one such major issue that has lead to shortage of tertiary services been delivered to people. There are sufficient workforce availability for primary and secondary care delivery, but tertiary service system confront workforce shortage in New Zealand. Further, healthcare system is highly fragmented and variable not able to compensate the high healthcare needs of population. Gauld (2013) studied some of the basic issues in the health delivery system of New Zealand that involves coordination gap between clinicians, high patient access barriers and cost related issues that have restricted the overall successful functionality of New Zealand health delivery system. As per learners viewpoint, based on this literature study, these issues in contemporary health delivery system requires better governance and management system to overco me the workforce, cost effectiveness and various other issues for proper healthcare delivery. In the below provided section, working as a medical practitioner, learner discusses the contemporary clinical governance and management in New Zealand health care system for determining its functionality. Figure 1: The structure of New Zealand health sector (Source: Health Service Delivery profile: New Zealand, 2012, 2016) Demonstrating Knowledge and Understanding on the Concepts of Governance, Management and Clinical Governance in New Zealand Health Care System and Reflecting on Personal Practice E#xperience as a Healthcare Professional in New Zealands Health Care System To overrule the contemporary issues in the medical care delivery system there are various concepts, strategies and processes in clinical governance and management in New Zealand working together for the betterment of care system. Clinical governance is considered as future of contemporary healthcare system success and heights (Gauld Horsburgh, 2012). According to Brown et al. (2011), traditional practices in the health care delivery system of New Zealand were dependent on the decision and activities of long-term elected governing board that has lead to the lack of effectiveness in working with the health sector. A new concept of clinical governance successfully implemented by NHS of United Kingdom is now attaining popularity in the contemporary health sector of New Zealand and various other countries. But, as this clinical governance is an innovative concept there are certain strength and weaknesses in the clinical governance system of New Zealand. Bennington (2010) indicated that clinical governance is a simple concept where healthcare professionals are involved in decision-making processes related to clinical planning, managing and funding in their organisation. This clinical governance helps to establish professional standards and quality service in the health sector. As per clinical governance principle, health care professional should make two contributions in service delivery system, first to provide high-quality care and second to improve quality care by monitoring, evaluating and decision-making process. Now, this clinical governance at organisation level depends on various factors like management strategies, leadership, professional competency and interpersonal functionality. According to Rosen (2010) in the 20 districts of New Zealand for implementing effective clinical governance, in 2009 the government gave specific instructions to the organisation managers for establishing leadership structures that involve clinical professionals in the entire health delivery process. However, as per learners experience as healthcare professional, this structure of clinical governance critically depends on the managers and clinicians relationships, strategies and performance management to work in a collaborative manner. As per personal experience organisation system working as per managers are always underdeveloped, lacking fundamental concepts and professional overawed with duties. The managers provide less possible options for professional to get involved in organisation decision-making process. As a healthcare professional, learner performed two studies of implementing clinical governance in New Zealand. As per the first study which as a survey performed in Gauld, Horsburgh Brown (2011) research, indicates that from 2010 to 2012 health professionals established a good score of improvement as per Clinical governance development index in New Zealand. In contrast, as per the second study provided by Gauld (2012) involves a case study for determining the mechanics of clinical governance in New Zealand. As per findings of this organisation based case study, clinical governance requires better manager-clinical alliance, effectual development technique, professional training and organisational arrangements to implement clinical governance in New Zealand health delivery system. Further, Gauld Horsburgh (2014) indicated minor defects in clinical governance concept of New Zealand healthcare that there is the lack of clinical boards, which should work to bring managerial and clinical professionals to work together as leaders. The clinical governance and service delivery arrangements are very complex and lacking effective governance structures in New Zealand health delivery system. In contrast, Gauld (2014) indicated that DHB has now implemented Clinical Board that maintains clinical safety, quality enhancement, emergency management and consumer satisfaction in the clinical scenario. As per DHB of New Zealand, clinical governance can be defined as measures and processes to ensure quality care making stakeholders responsible for planning, managing and monitoring functioning standards. Further, there are primary and secondary governance structures or clinical boards established by DHB members to ensure effective clinical leadership governance in primary and seco ndary healthcare settings. However, as per learners experience, still, there is the requirement of more refined clinical leadership strategies to implement effective governance in New Zealand clinical environment. The reasons behind this viewpoint are lacking opportunities for health professionals to get involved in clinical governance processes, lacking robust clinical governance across board members and no effective clinical governance implementation and leadership strategies (Clinical governance: A guide for primary health organisations, 2016). Brennan Flynn (2013) in their study mentioned about most effective initiatives that strengthen the overall clinical governance system in New Zealand. Firstly, the establishment of the Executive leadership team of 24 members including general physicians, directorates, PHOs and leaders helped in successful initiation of clinical governance in New Zealand. Further, the clinical leadership council panel established by DHB members involved NGOs helping in the establishment of clinical governance at local level. There were partnership models tested and implemented to introduce effective leadership in clinical governance practices at organisation level. Lastly, the establishment of Clinical practice committee demanded by clinical members helped to review the clinical innovations, strategies and technologies at the organisation level. These are some of the most powerful features of clinical governance in New Zealand that lead to a proper establishment in the clinical scenario. Further, Brown et al. (2011) studied the In good hands report representing clinical governance transformation in New Zealand. As per this report, the clinical governance structure in New Zealand health system is considered as one of the most important strengths of this process. This structure involves DHB members, Chief executives, DHB governance, and Clinical governance as a complete clinical governance structure. The DHB board report effectiveness and outcomes of clinical program at the national framework, Chief executives establishes effective leadership and cooperate management. Further, DHB governance ensures clinical governance functionality at the organisation level and lastly, clinical governance involves management team (managers and clinicians) that ensures quality outcomes in the clinical scenario. As a professional, learner experienced that, clinical leadership in New Zealand governance system should involve a whole spectrum approach where moving from inherent to peer-elect, clinical appointments, management appointments and the clinical board should perform align management in clinical performance. Further, DHBs team should process method to capture professional clinical leaders allowing them training to develop skills for establishing clinical governance competencies as leaders. Further, as a professional learner confronted that clinical governance leader in New Zealand lacks the idea of proper qualities required as a professional leader. For fulfilling this weakness of clinical governance system, DHB board should provide training as per NHS leadership Qualities Framework that makes a leader a communicator, manager, scholar, professional, collaborator and medical expert (Gauld Horsburgh, 2012). Figure 2: NHS leadership qualities framework (Source: Gauld Horsburgh, 2012) Conclusion The overall health service delivery system in New Zealand is very effective where more than 96% of the population are able to get involved in the care process. The funding and human resources are considered to be two most powerful potentials of this system in New Zealand. However, workforce shortage, availability and coordination gap are some issues hindering the effective care delivery process. These issues are also affecting the clinical governance in the health care delivery system of New Zealand. This country has a complex clinical governance arrangement that requires more simplification for better performance. Further, lack of competent professional leaders, effective clinical leadership, opportunities for professionals and lacking robust clinical governance are hindering the pathway of successful implementation of clinical governance in New Zealand. As a professional, learner predicts that there are some minor defects in the clinical governance system of New Zealand to establish a perfect health delivery system in the country. By processing the suggested recommendations, these weaknesses can be overruled providing an effective clinical system in New Zealand. References Books Gauld, R., Horsburgh, S. (2012).Clinical governance assessment project: final report on a national health professional survey and site visits to 19 New Zealand DHBs. University of Otago. Levett-Jones, T., Bourgeois, S. (2010).The clinical placement: An essential guide for nursing students. Elsevier Health Sciences. McSherry, R., Pearce, P. (2011).Clinical governance: a guide to implementation for healthcare professionals. John Wiley Sons. Journals Bennington, L. (2010). Review of the corporate and healthcare governance literature.Journal of Management Organization,16(02), 314-333. Best, A., Greenhalgh, T., Lewis, S., Saul, J. E., Carroll, S., Bitz, J. (2012). Largeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ system transformation in health care: a realist review.Milbank Quarterly,90(3), 421-456. Brennan, N. M., Flynn, M. A. (2013). Differentiating clinical governance, clinical management and clinical practice.Clinical Governance: An International Journal,18(2), 114-131. Brown, J., Connolly, A., Dunham, R., Kolbe, A., Pert, H., Pocknall, H. (2011). In good hands: transforming clinical governance in New Zealand. Entwistle, V., Firnigl, D., Ryan, M., Francis, J., Kinghorn, P. (2012). Which experiences of health care delivery matter to service users and why? A critical interpretive synthesis and conceptual map.Journal of Health Services Research Policy,17(2), 70-78. Fineberg, H. V. (2012). A successful and sustainable health systemhow to get there from here.New England Journal of Medicine,366(11), 1020-1027. Gauld, R. (2012). New Zealand's post-2008 health system reforms: toward re-centralization of organizational arrangements.Health Policy,106(2), 110-113. Gauld, R. (2013). Questions about New Zealand's health system in 2013, its 75th anniversary year.The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online),126(1380). Gauld, R. (2014). Clinical governance development: learning from the New Zealand experience.Postgraduate medical journal,90(1059), 43-47. Gauld, R., Horsburgh, S. (2014). Measuring progress with clinical governance development in New Zealand: perceptions of senior doctors in 2010 and 2012.BMC health services research,14(1), 1. Gauld, R., Horsburgh, S., Brown, J. (2011). The clinical governance development index: results from a New Zealand study.BMJ quality safety, bmjqs-2011. Griffiths, F., Cave, J., Boardman, F., Ren, J., Pawlikowska, T., Ball, R., ... Cohen, A. (2012). Social networksthe future for health care delivery.Social science medicine,75(12), 2233-2241. Rosen, D. (2010). Six countries, six reform models: The healthcare reform experience of Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and Taiwan: Healthcare reforms under the radar screen. Ryan, C., Nielssen, O., Paton, M., Large, M. (2010). Clinical decisions in psychiatry should not be based on risk assessment.Australasian Psychiatry,18(5), 398-403. Websites Clinical governance: A guide for primary health organisations. (2016). bpac. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.bpac.org.nz/resources/campaign/other/bpac_clinical_governance.pdf Health Service Delivery profile: New Zealand, 2012. (2016). wpro. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.wpro.who.int/health_services/service_delivery_profile_new_zealand.pdf